Automotive company future marketing ideas Assignment

Automotive company future marketing ideas - Assignment Example uction of smaller and more fuel efficient vehicles as opposed to continuing with the production of bigger cars which are more profitable and make a conclusion at the end. Vehicle manufacture economics debates generally agree that sports utility vehicles and pickups are more profitable than the smaller but more efficient cars. Moving away from the traditionally profitable big vehicles segment to smaller cars is on paper not a very good idea especially with the automotive industry just recovering from a global slump. The marginal cost pricing principle states that the market price of a good equals its marginal cost which implies the gross margin accruing from every product is zero (Bernanke, 2004). The reason SUVs are priced higher and so more profitable is because companies want to meet their corporate average fuel economy (CAFÉ) targets by selling smaller cars. This enables them sell one bigger car for every small car and so they can accept lower margins of profit for small cars (Kwak, 2009). Selling smaller cars therefore would still allow for profitability if bigger cars are reduced. The other reason why the strategy is good is that small cars are bought usually by younger first time buyers and so selling them a small car cheaply will tie them to come and buy a bigger car in the future say when they are into their mid thirties of early forties. Smaller cars have a lower price and therefore are likely to have more buyers than the big more expensive cars especially for first time buyers. Higher volume sales will offset the lower profit margins in selling smaller cars. With high energy prices and environmental awareness, consumers in the future will prefer smaller more efficient cars that are environmentally friendly (â€Å"Rush lane†, 2011). Smaller cars are also easier to maneuver in traffic and when parking especially with growing congestion in urban areas and many more cars getting on the road. Smaller cars are also considered easier to handle when driving and

Comparison between Hitler and Stalin Essay Example for Free

Comparison between Hitler and Stalin Essay The complexity of Stalins character and his role becomes most apparent when a comparison is attempted between him and Hitler. Their similarities are numerous and striking. Each of them suppressed opposition without mercy or scruple. Each built up the machine of a totalitarian state and subjected his people to its constant, relentless pressure. Each tried to remould the mind of his nation to a single pattern from which any undesirable impulse or influence was excluded. Each established himself as an unchallengeable master ruling his country in accordance with a rigid Fuhrerprinzip. Here the similarities cease and the differences begin. Not in a single field has Hitler made the German nation advance beyond the point it had reached before he took power. In most fields he has thrown it back far behind; terribly far behind. The Germany he took over in 1933 was, despite economic depression and social strains and stresses, a wealthy and flourishing country. Its industry was the most efficient on the continent. Its social services were the most modern that any European nation had had. Its universities were great centres of learning, priding themselves on famous men of science. The better part of the German youth was serious, alert and idealistic. The German theatre was the object of the highest admiration and of imitation. The best German newspapers were the most intelligent and the best informed of the continental press. The Germany that Hitler left behind was impoverished and reduced to savagery. We are not speaking about the effects of Germanys defeat, but about the state of the nation, regardless of defeat. The material apparatus of production which the country possessed under Hitler was, apart from special armament plants, not essentially greater than that which it had possessed before. Its social services were half destroyed. Its universities became drilling grounds-for a generation of horrible brutes. Its famous men of science were compelled either to emigrate or to accept the guidance of SS men and to learn racialist gibberish. Its medical men were turned into specialists on the racial purity of blood and into the assassins of those whose blood was deemed impure. In the sanctuary of national philosophy Alfred Rosenberg sequestrated for himself the niche that used to be occupied by Immanuel Kant. Twelve years of education by a nazified press, radio, cinema, and theatre left the collective mind of Germany stultified and ruined. These terrible losses were not redeemed by a single positive acquisition or by a single new idea, unless one chooses to regard as new the idea that one nation or race is entitled to dominate or exterminate the others. Nor was the social structure of the nation essentially changed by national socialism. When the Nazi facade was blown away, the structure that revealed itself to the eyes of the world was the same as it had been before Hitler, with its big industrialists, its Krupps and Thyssens, its Junkers, its.middle classes, its Grossbauers, its farm labourers, and its industrial workers. Sociologically, although not politically, the Germany of 1945 was still the Germany of the Hohenzollerns, only thrown into terrible disorder and confusion by a tragically purposeless riot. What a contrast, after all, Stalinist Russia presents. The nation over which Stalin took power might, apart from small groups of educated people and advanced workers, rightly be called a nation of savages. This is not meant to cast any reflection on the Russian national character Russias backward, Asiatic condition has been her tragedy, not her fault. Stalin undertook, to quote a famous saying, to drive barbarism out of Russia by barbarous means. Because of the nature of the means he employed, much of the barbarism thrown out of Russian life has crept back into it. The nation has, nevertheless, advanced far in most fields of its existence. Its material apparatus of production, which about 1930 was still inferior to that of any medium-sized European nation, has so greatly and so rapidly expanded that Russia is now the first industrial power in Europe and the second in the world. Within little more than one decade the number of her cities and towns doubled; and her urban population gr ew by thirty millions. The number of schools of all grades has very impressively multiplied. The whole nation has been sent to school. Its mind has been so awakened that it can hardly be put back to sleep again. Its avidity for knowledge, for the sciences and the arts, has been stimulated by Stalins government to the point where it has become insatiable and embarrassing. It should be remarked that, although Stalin has kept Russia isolated from the contemporary influences of the west, he has encouraged and fostered every interest in what he calls the cultural heritage of the west. Perhaps in no country have the young been imbued with so great a respect and love for the classical literature and art of other nations as in Russia. This is one of the important differences between the educational methods of nazism and Stalinism. Another is that Stalin has not, like Hitler, forbidden the new generation to read and study the classics of their own literature whose ideological outlook does not accord with his. While tyrannizing the living poets, novelists, historians, painters, and even composers, he has displayed, on the whole, a strange pietism for the dead ones. The works of Pushkin, Gogol, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Belinsky, and many others, whose satire and criticism of past tyranny have only too often a bearing on the present, have been literally pressed into the hands of youth in millions of copies. No Russian Lessing or Heine has been burned at an auto-da-fà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Nor can the fact be ignored that the ideal inherent in Stalinism, one to which Stalin has given a grossly distorted expression, is not domination of man by man, or nation by nation, or race by race, but their fundamental equality. Even the proletarian dictatorship is presented as a mere transition to a classless society; and it is the community of the free and the equal, and not the dictatorship, that has remained the inspiration. Thus, there have been many positive, valuable elements in the educational influence of Stalinism, elements that are in the long run likely to turn against its worse features. Finally, the whole structure of Russian society has undergone a change so profound and so many-sided that it cannot really be reversed. It is possible to imagine a violent reaction of the Russian people itself against the state of siege in which it has been living so long. It is even possible to imagine something like a political restoration. But it is certain that even such a restoration would touch merely the surface of Russian society and that it would demonstrate its impotence vis-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-vis the work done by the revolution even more thoroughly than the Stuart and the Bourbon restorations had done. For of Stalinist Russia it is even truer than of any other revolutionary nation that twenty years have done the work of twenty generations. For all these reasons Stalin cannot be classed with Hitler, among the tyrants whose record is one of absolute worthlessness and futility. Hitler was the leader of a sterile counter-revolution, while Stalin has been both the leader and the exploiter of a tragic, self-contradictory but creative revolution. Like Cromwell, Robespierre and Napoleon he started as the servant of an insurgent people and made himself its master. Like Cromwell he embodies the continuity of the revolution through all its phases and metamorphoses, although his role was less prominent in the first phase. Like Robespierre he has bled white his own party; and like Napoleon he has built his half-conservative and half-revolutionary empire and carried revolution beyond the frontiers of his country. The better part of Stalins work is as certain to outlast Stalin himself as the better parts of the work of Cromwell and Napoleon have outlasted them. But in order to save it for the future and to give to it its full value, history may yet have to cleanse and reshape Stalins work as sternly as it once cleansed and reshaped the work of the English revolution after Cromwell and of the French after Napoleon. From Stalin, A Political Biography, I. Deutscher, Oxford University Press, 1949.,

The Role Of Women In Religion Religion Essay

The Role Of Women In Religion Religion Essay Religion has been apparent and ever developing since the beginning of man. Both woman and man have contributed to that development and believed in a higher power to explain their own existence. Now, with the different variations on religion and separation in belief, women and men have taken on different roles that are distinct to their particular faith. Often, among all religions, mans role has been superior to that of women. All of the worlds major religions depreciate women to some degree; so what role do women play in religion? And what impact have they had? In examining three of the worlds major religions: Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism, this paper will compare and contrast the role of women as well as discuss any influence women have had in the development of each faith. How Women Are Viewed? The view of women on the Hindu religion has changed over the course of history several times. The view of women was sometimes, but not always positive. In the earlier Upanishad Age they seemed to have been given more respect than in later times. According to the Hindu religion, a woman is the form of energy or an aspect of Shakti. In many Hindu scripture she is both upheld and respected. High opinion is especially given to women who are mothers and disrespect of her is considered unforgiveable. One Hindu scripture states, All other sins are expiable but he who is cursed the mother never liberated. Another Hindu scripture ranks the value of a woman over that of a man stating, An outcast father may be forsaken, but not the mother, she is never an outcast to the son. Many other religions do not hold the respect of woman over that of men. The Buddhist religion for example, states very little about women. This is not because the Buddhism refuses to recognize women but rather that they strive to have equality among women and men. Thus the scripture speaks of the human race as a whole and makes little distinction between genders. In one scripture, the Visuddhi Magga, a monk asked, Reverend Sir, have you seen a woman pass this way? And the elder said: Was it a woman or a man that passed this way? I cannot tell. But this I know, a set of bones is travelling upon this road. (Mohr, Tsedroen, 2010) In comparison to the Buddhist religion, Christianity also strives for an equal and positive view of women. In the Old Testament the creation of man is explained and represents both women and men as equally valuable. It states, Then God said, Let us make man in our image, in our likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the livestock, over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move along the ground. So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them, (Genesis 1:26-27.) In society, Christian women have rules and laws to abide by. Christian women are instructed by God to conduct themselves modestly, as a witness of God to unbelievers. Your beauty should not come from outward adornment, such as braided hair and the wearing of gold jewelry and fine clothes. Instead, it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of the gentle and quiet spirit which is of great worth in God s ight. (1 Peter 3:3-4). Christians do not try to earn merit in order that there good deeds may outweigh their bad. Roles of Women Women played many different roles in the history of the Hindu religion. During childhood she is under her parents care but when she marries she becomes the sole responsibility and property of her husband. As his wife, she takes on four different roles. Her roles include; servant to her husband in duty, minister in decision making, as a mother to his children and lover in his bed. Women in the Hindu religion are expected to act and speak with respect for their husband as well as other men. (Sharma, Libraries, 2001) In the days of the Buddha, other religious teachers had also spoken on the duties and obligations of a wife towards her husband. They stressed that it is the particular duty of a wife to bear an off-spring for the husband, and render him faithful service and to provide conjugal happiness. The teachings of the Buddha were not as biased towards the husbands. In the Singalovada Sutta, the Buddha had clearly stated both the duties of the husband towards the wife and vice versa. On the part of the husband, he should be faithful, courteous and not despising. It is the husbands duty to hand over authority to his wife; and from time to time, provide her with adornments. Therefore, we witness the unbiased attitude shown by the Buddha towards both men and women. (Yifa, Yifa, 2010) In the Christian faith there is a contrasting perspective. Women, though viewed as equal to men in value in the eyes of God are given unequal roles. In Genesis 2, there is a more detailed account of the creation of Adam and Eve and discloses the differences in their purpose and responsibilities as given by God himself. The general idea is that God did not create the man and the woman at the same time, but rather He created Adam first and Eve later for the specific purpose of being Adams helper. Eve was equal to Adam, but she was given the role and duty of submitting to him. The womans one and only role in the Christian religion is to be submissive to her husband and be a good helpmate to him. (House, 1995) A woman has no role in the church that is ruled and dictated only by men. The Christian woman is instructed by scripture to remain silent in matters of the church. 1 Corinthians of the Bible states, Let your women keep silent in the churches, for they are not permitted to speak; bu t they are to be submissive, as the law also says. Women in Religious and Leadership Roles The leadership and religious roles of women in all three religions have changed over the course of history. Women in early Hinduism were very well respected. They took part in the royal court, and they were not afraid to push an issue until they were fully satisfied with the answer. These teachers were wise and well valued by other philosophers, of both the male and female genders. These women also contributed to how the various sacred teachings of Hinduism were brought down through the generations. Over the years, the situation surrounding Hindu women is gradually changing. They are gaining respect in both politics and religion and share an equal status with men. In some cases they enjoy more opportunities than women in many western countries. (Sharma, Libraries, 2001) Advances are also being made for women in the Buddhist religion. The Buddha opened the gates for the full participation of women in the field of religion by making them eligible for admission into the Bhikkhuni Sangha the Order of Nuns. This opened new paths of culture, social services and opportunities for public life to women It led implicitly to the credit of their importance to society, and in doing so enhanced the status of women .It was said that under circumstances women are considered wiser and discerning than men, and that they are also capable of attaining perfection or sainthood treading the Noble Eight fold Path. (Yifa, Yifa, 2010) When King Kosala found that he had a daughter Instead of a son, the Buddha pointed out not only their weaknesses but also their potential. The Buddha clearly showed that women are capable of understanding his teachings and also to practice them to some degree of spiritual attainment. (Mohr, Tsedroen, 2010) The modern era of Buddhism is much different than in the days of the Buddha. Womens liberation, their quest for freedom and equality achieved tremendous strides mostly in the West. This came about as the result of modern trends and thinking, and modern education for women in all areas of higher learning. Like women in Hinduism and Buddhism, women in Christianity have gained better status and new roles in religion. In fact, women in Christianity may have made the most progress over history. In the early development of Christianity, women were told to take on the submissive role and only he a helper to their husbands. The womans role in the church was nonexistent and has now risen to a point where she can obtain roles as a minister and/or dean in the church. The Christian woman also has a voice that is respected and valued in making decisions. In conclusion women of all three religions were historically not given the value and respect that men were, but have all gained new status and roles in their religion. Women throughout history have played different roles in different religion, but most of the time women were submissive to men. Women would never dream of becoming a minister or involved in the leadership of the religion regardless which religion it was. Today, women play more roles in leadership than ever before.

Smart House :: essays research papers

Smart House Some people think that it is difficult to find a relationship between home and computer. Usually people think that computer just using in a company and office. It is a misleading concept as we have a SMART HOUSE. The complete SMART HOUSE System has been available since early 1993. In a SMART HOUSE, people build a relationship between computer and home. The SMART HOUSE is a home management system that allows home owners to easily manage their daily lives by providing for a lifestyle that brings together security, energy management, entertainment, communications, and lighting features. So, the SMART HOUSE system is designed to be installed in a new house. Moreover, the system can be installed in a home undergoing reconstruction where walls have been completely exposed. The SMART HOUSE Consortium is investigating a number of different option to more easily install the SMART HOUSE system in an existing home. Moreover, the SMART HOUSE system has been packaged to satisfy any home buyer's needs and budget. The system appeals to a broad segment of new home buyers because of the diverse features and benefits it offers. These segments includes professionals, baby boomers in the move up markets, empty nesters, young middle- class, two - income families, the aging, and all who are energy conscious and technologically astute. Therefore, the SMART HOUSE system is suitable to install in new homes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Firstly, more saving can be gained when the SMART HOUSE System offers several energy management options that have the potential to reduce a home owner's utility bill by 30% or more per year depending on the options installed. For examples, a smart house can turn lights on and off automatically, it can help save on your electric bill. Moreover, the heating and air conditioning can be more efficiently controlled by a computer, saving tremendously on the cost of maintaining a consistent temperature within a large house. The exact level of savings will pay vary by house due to local utility rate structures, size of home, insulation, lifestyle, etc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secondly, it is an easily operating system. Home owners can control their SMART HOUSE System using a menu driven control panel, touch-tone phone, personal computer, remote control or programmable wall switch. All SMART HOUSE controls are designed to be simple and easy to use. Because smart houses are independence, they can help people with disabilities maintain an active life. A smart house system can make such tasks easier by automating them. Lights and appliances can be turned on automatically without the user having to do it manually. For people with short term memory problem, a smart house can remind

History of Trigonometry

Running Head: History of Trigonometry History of Trigonometry Rome Fiedler History of Mathematics 501 University of Akron April 29, 2012 History of Trigonometry: An Introduction Trigonometry is useful in our world. By exploring where these concepts come from provides an understanding in putting this mathematics to use. The term Trigonometry comes from the Greek word trigon, meaning triangle and the Greek word meatria meaning measurement. However it is not native to Greek in origin. The mathematics comes from multiple people over a span of thousands of years and has touched over every major civilization.It is a combination of geometry, and astronomy and has many practical applications over history. Trigonometry is a branch of math first created by 2nd century BC by the Greek mathematician Hipparchus. The history of trigonometry and of trigonometric functions sticks to the general lines of the history of math. Early research of triangles could be found in the 2nd millennium BC, in Egyp tian and Babylonian math. Methodical research of trigonometric functions started in Greek math, and it reached India as part of Greek astronomy.In Indian astronomy, the research of trigonometric functions flourished in the Gupta dynasty, particularly as a result of Aryabhata. Throughout the Middle Ages, the research of trigonometry continued in Islamic math, while it was implemented as a discrete subject in the Latin West beginning in the Renaissance with Regiomontanus. The growth of contemporary trigonometry shifted in the western Age of Enlightenment, starting with 17th-century math and reaching its contemporary type with Leonhard Euler (1748) Etymology The word â€Å"trigonometry† originates from the Greek â€Å"trigonometria†, implying â€Å"triangle measuring†, from triangle + to measure.The name developed from the study of right triangles by applying the relation ships between the measures of its sides and angles to the study of similar triangles (Gullberg , 1996). The word was introduced by Barthoolomus ptiticus in the title of his work Trigonometria sice de solutione triangularumtractus brevis et perspicius†¦ in 1595. The contemporary word â€Å"sine†, is originated from the Latin word sinus, which implied â€Å"bay†, â€Å"bosom† or â€Å"fold†, translation from Arabic word jayb. The Arabic word is in origin of version of Sanskrit jiva â€Å"chord†.Sanskrit jiva in learned used was a synonym of jya â€Å"chord†, primarily the word for â€Å"bow-string†. Sanskrit jiva was taken into Arabic as jiba (Boyer, 1991). This word was then changed into the real Arabic word jayb, implying â€Å"bosom, fold, bay†, either by the Arabs or erroneously of the European translators such as Robert of Chester, who translated jayb into Latin as sinus. In particular Fibonacci's sinus rectus arcus was significant in creating the word sinus. Early Beginnings The origin of the subject has rich di versity. Trigonometry is not the work of one particular person or place but rather a development over time.The primitive Egyptians and Babylonians had known of theorems on the ratios of the sides of analogous triangles for many centuries. However pre-Greek societies were deficient of the concept of an angle measure and as a result, the sides of triangles were analyzed rather, a field that would be better known as â€Å"trilaterometry†(Boyer, 1991). The Babylonian astronomers kept comprehensive records on the rising and setting of stars, the movement of the planets, and the solar and lunar eclipses, all of which needed knowledge with angular distances measured on the celestial sphere.Founded on one explanation of the Plimpton 322 cuneiform tablet, some have even claimed that the primitive Babylonians had a table of secants. There was, on the other hand, much discussion as to whether it is a table of Pythagorean triples, a solution of quadratic equations, or a trigonometric tab le. The Egyptians, in contrast, applied an ancient kind of trigonometry for construction of pyramids and surveying the land in the 2nd millennium BC. The early beginnings of trigonometry ar thought to be the first numerical sequences correlating shadow lengths to time of day.Shadow tables were simple sequences of numbers which applied the shadow of a vertical stick, called a gnomon, is long in the morning and shortens to a minimum at noon. Then becomes longer and longer as the afternoon progresses (Kennedy, 1969). The shadow tables would correlate a particular hour to a particular length and were used as early as 1500 BC by the Egyptians. Similar tables were developed by other civilizations such as the Indians and Greeks. Greek mathematics Shadow tables were the primary development in creation of trigonometry however the Greeks really developed Trigonometry into an ordered science.The Greeks continued as the Babylonians astronomers did and studied the relation between angles and cir cles in lengths of chords to develop their theories on planetary position and motion (Mankiewicz, 2001). [pic] The chord of an angle subtends the arc of the angle. Ancient Greek mathematicians used the chord. Given a circle and an arc on the circle, the chord is the line that subtends the arc. A chord's perpendicular bisector traverses the center of the circle and bisects the angle. One half of the bisected chord is the sine of the bisected angle, that is, [pic] nd consequently the sine function is also known as the â€Å"half-chord†. As a result of this relationship, several trigonometric identities and theorems that are known at present were also known to Greek mathematicians, however in their equivalent chord form. Though there is no trigonometry in the works of Euclid and Archimedes, there are theorems presented in a geometric method that are similar to particular trigonometric laws or rules. Theorems on the lengths of chords are applications of the law of sines. In addit ion Archimedes' theorem on broken chords is similar to rules for sines of sums and differences of angles.From the primitive landmarks of shadow tables and the Greeks’ gain and expansion of astronomical knowledge from the Babylonians, there was a gap in the improvement of trigonometry until the time of Hipparchus. Hipparchus The first trigonometric table was in fact compiled by Hipparchus of, who is known as an as â€Å"the father of trigonometry†(Boyer, 1991). Hipparchus was the first to put into a table the corresponding values of arc and chord for a series of angles. He did this by considering every triangle was inscribed in a circle of fixed radius. Each side of the triangle became a chord, a straight line drawn between two points on a circle.To find the parts of the triangle he needed to find the length of the chord as a function of the central angle. [pic] For Example, in the diagram triangle ACB is? inscribed in circle O. So the sides of the triangle become chord ? AC, chord CB and chord AB. Hipparchus would have sought to? find the length of the chord, AC, as a function of the central? angle. He deduced a trigonometric formula for the? length of a chord sketched from one point on the circumference of? a circle to another (Motz, 1993). This could therefore be used to help understand the positioning of the planets on the sphere.Though it is not known when the methodical use of the 360 ° circle came into math, it is known that the methodical introduction of the 360 ° circle introduced a little after Aristarchus of Samos comprised of On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon, since he measured an angle a part of a quadrant. It seemed that the systematic used of the 360 ° circle was mainly as a result of Hipparchus and his table of chords. Hipparchus might have taken the idea of that division from Hypsicles who had previously divided the day into 360 parts, a division of the day that might have been recommended by Babylonian astronomy .In primeval astronomy, the zodiac had been divided into twelve â€Å"signs† or thirty-six â€Å"decans†. A recurring cycle of approximately 360 days could have corresponded to the signs and decans of the zodiac by dividing each sign into 30 parts and each decan into 10 parts. It was as a result of the Babylonian sexagesimal numeral system that each degree was divided into 60 minutes and each minute was divided into 60 seconds. Though Hipparchus is attributed as the father of trigonometry all of his work is lost except one but we gain knowledge of his work through Ptolemy. [pic] http://www. ies. co. p/math/java/vector/menela/menela. html Menelaus Menelaus of Alexandria wrote in three books his Sphaerica. In Book I, he created a basis for spherical triangles analogous to the Euclidean basis for plane triangles. He established a theorem that is without Euclidean analogue, that two spherical triangles were similar if corresponding angles are equal, however he did not diff erentiate between congruent and symmetric spherical triangles. Another theorem that he established was that the sum of the angles of a spherical triangle is more than 180 °. Book II of Sphaerica applied spherical geometry to astronomy.In addition Book III contained the â€Å"theorem of Menelaus†(Boyer, 1991). He further gave his well-known â€Å"rule of six quantities†(Needham, 1986). This theorem came to paly a major role in spherical trigonometry and astronomy. It was also believed that Melaus mya have developed a second table of chords based on Hipparchus works, however these were lost (Smith, 1958). Ptolemy Afterwards, Claudius Ptolemy developed upon Hipparchus' Chords in a Circle in his Almagest, or the Mathematical Syntaxis. The Almagest was mainly a work on astronomy, and astronomy relied on trigonometry.The 13 books of the Almagest were the most prominent and important trigonometric work of ancient times. This book was a composition of both astronomy and trig onometry and was derived from the work of Hipparchus and Menelaus. Almagest contains a table of lengths of chords in a circle and a detailed set of instructions on how to construct the table. These instructions contain some of the earliest derivtions of trigonometry. Ptolemy distinguished that Menelaus started by dividing a circle into 360o, and the diameter into 120 parts. He did this because 3 x 120 = 360, using the previous application of 3 for pi.Then each part is divided into sixty parts, each of these again into sixty parts, and so on. This system of parts was based on the Babylonian sexagesimal or base 60-numeration system, which was the only system available at the time for handling fractions (Maor, 1998). This system was based on 60 so that the number of degrees corresponding to the circumference of a circle would be the same as the number of days in a year, which the Babylonians believed to be 360 days (Ball 1960). From Menlaus Ptolemy developed the concept that the sine i s half of a chord.Ptolemy took Menelaus’ construction _ crd  · 2_ and said that the complement angle could be written as _ crd  · (180 o -2_), since 180o was half the circumference of the circle. Since today, cos_ = sin(90 o -_), it can be shown that cos_ = _ crd  · (180 o -2_), using a similar argument as the one shown above (van Brummelen, 2009). From these two expressions, one of the greatest identities known today was created. That is, (_ crd  · 2_) 2 + {_ crd  · (180 o -2_)} 2 = 1 which is exactly sin2_ + cos2_ = 1 (van Brummelen, 2009). [pic]http://nrich. maths. org/6853 [pic] http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/Ptolemy's_table_of_chords Using his table, Ptolemy believed that one could solve any planar triangle, if given at least one side of the triangle (Maor, 1998). A theorem that was fundamental to Ptolemy's calculation of chords was what was still known at present as Ptolemy's theorem, that the sum of the products of the opposite sides of a recurring quadrilater al was equivalent to the product of the diagonals. Ptolemy used these results to develop his trigonometric tables; however whether these tables were originated from Hipparchus' work could not be proved.Neither the tables of Hipparchus nor those of Ptolemy had survived to the present day, though descriptions by other ancient authors exhibits they existed. In his work, Ptolemy founded formulas for the chord of? difference and an equivalent for our modern day half-angle? formulas. Because of Ptolemy’s discoveries, given a chord of? an arc in a circle, the chord of half an arc can be determined as? well. Ptolemy also discovered chords of sum and difference, chords of half an arc, and chords of half degree, from which he then built up his tables to the nearest second of chords of arcs from half degree.In the Almagest, a true distinction was made between plane and spherical trigonometry. Plane trigonometry is the branch of trigonometry which applies its principles to plane triangle s; Spherical trigonometry, on the other hand, is the branch of trigonometry in which its principles are applied to spherical triangles, which are triangles on the surface of the sphere. Ptolemy began with spherical trigonometry, for he worked with spherical triangles in many of his theorems and proofs. However, when calculating the chords of arcs, he unintentionally developed a theory for plane trigonometry. Trigonometry was created for use in astronomy; and because spherical trigonometry was for this purpose the more useful tool, it was the first to be developed. The use of plane trigonometry†¦ is foreign to Greek mathematicians† (Kline, 1972). Spherical trigonometry was developed out of necessity for the interest and application of astronomers. In fact, spherical trigonometry was the most prevalent branch of trigonometry until the 1450s, even though Ptolemy did introduce a basis for plane trigonometry in the Almagest in 150 A. D. IndiaThe next major contribution to trig onometry came from India. The trigonometry of Ptolemy was based on the functional relationship between chords of a circle and central angles they subtend. The Siddhantas, a book thought to be written by Hindu scholars in late fourth century, early fifth century A. D. , changed Ptolemy’s trigonometry to the study of the relationship between half of a chord of a circle and half of the angle subtended at he center by the whole chord (Kennedy, 1969). This came from the basis for the modern trigonometric function known as the sine.The Siddhantas introduction to the sine function is the chief contribution from India and marks a transformation in trigonometry. Indian mathematicians also contributed by creating their own sine table. Arya-Bhata, born in 476, was a great Indian mathematician and astronomer (Ball, 1960). He composed a book called Aryabhathiya, which contained most of the essential ideas we associate with sine and cosine. His most outstanding contribution to the topic, w hich distinguishes him from the other mathematicians of this time, was his work on sine differences (van Brummelen, 2009).His definition of sine was literally â€Å"half chord† and was abbreviated jya or jiva, which simply meant, â€Å"chord† (Smith 615). Sines were given in minutes, at intervals of 225 minutes. This measurement was not of the sines themselves, but instead, it was the measurement of the differences between the sines. His method of calculating them was as follows. The first sine was equal to 225. The second sine was defined as any particular sine being worked with in order to calculate the sine that directly follows (Clark 29).It was found using the following pattern: (225 – the previous sine) + (225 + the previous sine) 225 this total was then subtracted from 225 to obtain the sine table. Second sine: 225 – 225 = 0 225 / 225 = 1 0 + 1= 1 225 – 1 = 224 Third sine:? 225 – 224 = 1 (225 + 224) / 225 ? 2 225 – 2 = 222 (van Brummelen, 2009). Arya-Bhata concluded that dividing a quarter of the circumference of a circle (essentially one quadrant of the unit circle) into as many equal parts, with the resulting triangles and quadrilaterals would have, on the radius, the same amount of sines of equal arcs.Doing this, he was able to form a table of natural sines corresponding to the angles in the first quadrant (van Brummelen, 2009). Although much of his work had the right idea, many of Arya-Bhata’s calculations were inaccurate. Later, in 1150AD, an Indian mathematician known as Bhaskara gave a more accurate method of constructing a table of sines, which considered sines in every degree (van Brummelen, 2009). Although the Indian mathematicians made attempts at creating a table to help with astronomy, their table of sines was not as accurate as that of the Greeks. Islamic mathematicsThe ancient works were translated and developed in the medieval Islamic world by Muslim mathematicians of mostly Persian and Arab descent, who explained a large number of theorems which freed the subject of trigonometry from reliance upon the complete quadrilateral, as was the case in Greek mathematics as a result of the application of Menelaus' theorem. In accordance with E. S. Kennedy, it was following that development in Islamic math that â€Å"the first real trigonometry appeared, in the sense that only then did the object of study become the spherical or plane triangle, its sides and angles† (Kennedy, 1969).E. S. Kennedy pointed out that whilst it was possible in pre-Islamic math to calculate the magnitudes of a spherical figure, in theory, by use of the table of chords and Menelaus' theorem, the application of the theorem to spherical problems was very complex actually (Kennedy, 1969). With the aim of observing holy days on the Islamic calendar in which timings were established by phases of the moon, astronomers at first used Menalaus' method to compute the place of the moon and stars, a lthough that method proved to be ungainly and complex.It engaged creation of two intersecting right triangles; by applying Menelaus' theorem it was possible to solve one of the 6 sides, however only if the other 5 sides were known. To tell the time from the sun's elevation, for example, repeated applications of Menelaus' theorem were needed. For medieval Islamic astronomers, there was a clear challenge to find a simpler trigonometric rule (Gingerich, 1986). In the early 9th century, Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi c a Persian Mathematician, was an early pioneer in spherical trigonometry and wrote a treatise on the subject creating accurate sine and cosine tables.By the 10th century, in the work of Abu al-Wafa' al-Buzjani, another Persian Mathematician established the angle addition formulas, e. g. , sin(a + b), and discovered the sine formula for spherical trigonometry. Abu’l-Wafa is believed to have helped introduced the concept of the tangent function. He also may have had s omething to do with the development of secant and cosecant. His trigonometry took on a more systematic form in which he proved theorems for double and half angle formulas. The law of sines, is also attributed to Abu’l-Wafa, even? hough it was first introduced by Ptolemy. This is in part? due to the fact that Abu’l-Wafa presented a? straightforward formulation of the law of sines for? spherical triangles, which states [pic] where A, B, and C are surface angles of the spherical? triangle and a, b, and c are the central angles of the? spherical triangle. In 830, Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi created the first table of cotangents. Muhammad ibn Jabir al-Harrani al-Battani found the reciprocal functions of secant and cosecant, and created the first table of cosecants for each degree from 1 ° to 90 °.By 1151 AD, the ideas of the six trigonometric functions existed, they were just not named as we know them today. Europe It is from the Arabic influence that trigonometry reache d Europe. Western Europe favored Arabic mathematics over Greek geometry. Arabic arithmetic and algebra were on a more elementary level than Greek geometry had been during the time of the Roman Empire. Romans did not display much interest in Greek trigonometry or any facets of Greek math. Therefore, Arabic math appealed to them since it was easier for them to comprehend.Leonardo Fibonacci was one mathematician who became acquainted with trigonometry during his extensive travels in Arab countries. He then presented the knowledge he gained in Practica geometriae in 1220 AD (Gullberg, 1996). The first distinction of trigonometry as a science separate from astronomy is credited to the Persian, Nasir Eddin. He helped to differentiate plane trigonometry and spherical trigonometry. Other than that, little development occurred from the time of the 1200’s to the 1500’s, aside for the developments of the Germans in the late 15th and early 16th century.Germany was becoming a prosp erous nation at the time and was engaged in much trade. Their interests also developed in navigation, calendar formation, and astronomy. This interest in astronomy precipitated a general interest and need for trigonometry (Kline, 1972). Included in this movement around the time of 1464, the German astronomer and mathematician, Regiomontanus (also known as Iohannes Molitoris) formulated a work known as De Triangulis Omnimodis, a compilation of the trigonometry of that time.When it was finally printed in 1533, it became an important medium of spreading the knowledge of trigonometry throughout Europe (Gullberg, 1996). The first book began with fifty propositions on the solutions of triangles using the properties of right triangles. Although the word â€Å"sine† was derived from the Arabs, Regiomontanus read the term in an Arabic manuscript in Vienna and was the first to use it in Europe. The second book began with a proof of the law of sines and then included problems involving how to determine sides, angles, and areas of plane triangles.The third book contained theorems found on Greek spherics before the use of trigonometry, and the fourth was based on spherical trigonometry. In the sixteenth century, Nicholas Copernicus was a revolutionary astronomer who could also be deemed as a trigonometer. He studied law, medicine and astronomy. He completed a treatise, known as De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, the year he died in 1543. This work-contained information on trigonometry and it was similar to that of Regiomontanus, although it is not clear if they were connected or not.While this was a great achievement, Copernicus’ student, Rheticus, an Indian mathematician, who lived during the years 1514-1576, went further and combined the work of both these men and published a two-volume work, Opus palatinum de triangulus. Trigonometry really began to expand and formalize at this point as the functions with respect to arcs of circles were disregarded. Fran cois Viete who practiced law and spent his leisure time devoted to mathematics also . contributed trigonometry around this time. He came to be known as â€Å"the father of the generalized analytic approach to trigonometry† (Boyer, 1991).He thought of trigonometry as? an independent branch of mathematics, and he worked? without direct reference to chords in a circle. He made? tables for all six trigonometric functions for angles to the? nearest minute. Viete was also one of the first to use the? formula for the law of tangents, which states the following: [pic] Viete was one of the first mathematicians to focus on analytical trigonometry, the branch of trigonometry which focuses on the relations and properties of the trigonometric functions.This form of trigonometry became more prevalent around the time of 1635 with the work of Roberval and Torricelli. They developed the first sketch of half an arch of a sine curve. This important development assisted in the progression of tri gonometry from a computational emphasis to a functional approach. This formed the basis of the European contribution of trigonometry. From the influence of oriental scientists, the Europeans focused on the computation of tables and the discovery of functional relations between parts of triangles.Europe developed appropriate symbols, which replaced the verbal rules and ordinary language in which the subject was usually presented. Previously, trigonometry was expressed in lengthy passages of confusing words, but the Europeans introduced such symbols as sin, cos, tan, etc. to simplify the subject and make it more concise. Prior to the analytic approach, the main usage of trigonometry was to measure geometric figures, but the transition of its influence from geometry to calculus began with the discovery of infinite series representations for the trigonometric functions.Trigonometric series became useful in the theory of astronomy, around the time of the eighteenth century. Since astrono mical phenomena are periodic, it was useful to have trigonometric series because they are periodic functions as well. The use of trigonometric series was introduced to determine the positions of the planets and interpolation, which is a mathematical procedure that estimates the values of a function at positions between given values (Kline, 1972). Many continued to make contributions to Trigonometry looking for more accurate tables to determine the six functions.These works continued up until the invention of the Scientific Calculator in 1968. In society today, trigonometry is used in physics to aide in the understanding of space, engineering and chemistry. Within mathematics it is typically seen in mainly in calculus, but also in linear algebra and statistics. Despite the minimal information available on the history of Trigonometry it is still a vital part of mathematics. The History shows progression from astronomy and geometry and the movement from spherical to plane geometry.Toda y, Trigonometry is used to understand space, engineering, chemistry as well as mathematics. By exploring the history of trigonometry we see the importance of it in our world. References Boyer, Carl B. (1991), A History of Mathematics (Second ed. ). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3 Bressoud, D. M. (2010). Historical Refelctions on Teaching Trigonometry. Mathematics Teacher, 104 (2), 106-112. Brummelen, G. V. (2009). The Mathematics of the Heavens and the Earth. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Gingerich, Owen (1986), â€Å"Islamic astronomy†. Scientific American 254 (10): 74.Gullberg, Jan. (1996)Mathematics from the Birth Of Numbers. New York:W. W. Norton and Company, Inc. Joyce, D. E. (n. d. ). History of Trigonometry Outline. Retrieved 3 21, 2012, from History of Trigonometry Outline: http://aleph0. clarku. edu/~djoyce/ma105/trighist. html Kennedy, E. S. (1969), â€Å"The History of Trigonometry†. 31st Yearbook (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, Washingt on DC) (cf. Haq, Syed Nomanul. The Indian and Persian background. pp. 60–3, in Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman (1996). History of Islamic Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 52–70.Kline, Morris. (1972) Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times. New York: Oxford University Press. Kluemper, A. (2010, 3 24). History of Trigonometry. Retrieved 3 5, 2012, from www. xtimeline. com: http://www. xtimeline. com/timeline/History-of-Trigonometry Mankiewicz, Richard. (2001)The Story of Mathematics. New Jersy:Princetion University Press. Maor, E. (1998). Trigonometric Delights. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Miller, S. (2001). Understanding Transformations of Periodic Functions through Art. Mathematics Teacher , 94 (8), 632-635.Moussa, Ali (2011), â€Å"Mathematical Methods in Abu al-Wafa's Almagest and the Qibla Determinations†. Arabic Sciences and Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. 21 (1): 1–56. Needham, Joseph (1986), Science and Civilization in Chi na: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Rogers, L. (n. d. ). The History of Trigonometry- Part 1. Retrieved 3 1, 2012, from Enriching Mathematics: http://nrich. maths. org/6843/index Suzuki, J. (2009). Mathematics in Historical Context. Washington D. C. : The Mathematical Association of America.Smith, D. E. (1958)History of Mathematics. New York:Dover Publications, Inc. Toomer, G. J. (1998), Ptolemy's Almagest, Princeton University Press. Weber, K. (2005). Students Understanding of Trigonometric Functions. Mathematics Education Research Journal , 17 (3), 91-112. www. cartage. org. (n. d. ). Trigonometry History. Retrieved 3 5, 2012, from Trigonometry History: http://www. cartage. org. lb/en/themes/sciences/Mathematics/Trigonometry/history/History%20. html van Brummelen, G. (2009)The Mathematics of the Heavens and Earth. Princeton University Press. Princeton and Oxford.

fitness motivation essays

fitness motivation essays It fs a common problem. Motivation. Not just for getting to the gym or for working out correctly, but look at giving up smoking, reading more, writing your first book Ethe list is endless. Many people don ft realize what they can achieve because their mind just conveniently tells them that, but it is amazing what anyone can do beyond their conceptions. With good planning, education, encouragement and keeping an awareness of one fs own nutrition there is no reason why anyone cannot achieve specific targets. Achieving these targets leads to an improvement of the quality of life beyond many people fs dreams. When starting a fitness program, one of the greatest challenges is getting started and maintaining the interest. It is as much a challenge to the instructor as it is to the participants. It is very difficult to get people to adopt and maintain a physically active lifestyle even though research shows that exercise can have many positive side effects such as controllin g weight, improving health and helping persons "get the most out of life", where does the problem lie? Why do people start a fitness program, start to see it reap benefits, but somewhere down the road, perhaps 3 or 6 months later, drop out completely? Human behavior is complex and is not always easy to predict. One reason may be that the exercise interferes with a someone fs personal life, for example, many people enroll themselves in an aerobics program and will do well for about 5 or 6 months before they quit. Those early morning workout sessions just became too costly-not in terms of money, but on their social life. Because of the aerobic sessions, they had already missed a number of entertaining breakfast get-togethers with their friends. Eventually they will stop because they value their friendships over their aerobic sessions. Another reason may be that they Wanted results too fast an average guy may work out at the gym in the local youth center ...

Guns in america essays

Guns in america essays For my discursive essay I have chosen Guns in America and will look at the licensing laws and some reasons behind all the gun-related deaths. America is in a deadly love affair with firearms which kill nearly 35 000 people every year. Many blame the blood soaked statistics on the worlds weakest gun laws, while others blame it on the guns, the culture or even just bad parenting. America is one of the worlds richest countries but it has the worlds weakest gun laws. Some people blame this for all the gun-related deaths. Gun related deaths in Great Britain and Australia have decreased dramatically as a result of stricter gun laws following the Dunblane and Port Arthur massacres. This shows that countries not as rich and powerful as America have done something to prevent it from happening again where as one of the richest and most powerful countries has done nothing to prevent massacres happening again. It took 12 years after President Regan narrowly escaped an assassination attempt for Congress to pass the Brady Bill (A 5-day waiting period and background checks of prospective pistol purchasers). As a result of the Brady Bill it has prevented some 250 000 people from purchasing handguns and probably prevented a lot of fatalities. If it took this long after the president narrowly escaped an assassination attempt to devise this law how long will it take to sort out simple everyday shootings across the nation? Most Americans want stricter gun laws as a recent Harris poll found out that 69% of all Americans and 57% of the nations gun owners WANT stricter gun laws. With around 200 250 million guns in America and 10 times as many licensed gun dealers as Mc Donalds restaurants, it is no wonder, they want stricter gun laws and want to reduce the number of gun fatalities. But all of America is not as obsessed with guns as Kennesaw in Georgia has ...

Television Violence and its effect on Children

Television Violence and its effect on Children The children of today are surrounded by technology and entertainment that is full of violence. It is estimated that the average child watches from three to five hours of television a day! (Neilson 1993). Listening to music is also a time consuming pastime among children. With all of that exposure, one might pose the question, 'How can seeing so much violence on television and video games and hearing about violence in in music affect a child's behavior?' Obviously these media have a big influence on childrens' behavior: we can see it in the way they attempt to emulate their favorite rock stars by dressing in a similar style and the way children play games, imitating their favorite cartoon personalities or super heroes. Studies have shown that extensive television viewing may be associated with, aggressive behavior, poor academic performance, precocious sexuality, obesity, and the use of drugs or alcohol (Deitz). Television, video games, and music are very influential and if there is t oo much violence available for children to watch, play, or listen to, this can sway their attitudes in a negative direction.No Video GamesTelevision is especially influencial on the children today. The hard truth is that children spend an average of 28 hours a week in front of the television (Neilson 1993). This is almost two times the amount of time that some children are in school. At this very impressionable age it is no wonder that the images that kids see sometimes has a profound impact on their behavior. Fifty-five percent of children watch television with a friend or alone. (TV-Free America). Too often parents assume that their children are responsible enough to choose suitable programming. But the sad fact is that even some shows deemed as "children's television" are violent. A survey in Mediascope showed that a...

Answer final assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Answer final assignment - Essay Example This leads to the ethical dilemma of deception, in which the participants are either not told about the study or are under a false impression. A serious problem can occur, if for example, things were to get serious between the confederate and the unsuspecting participant, and they were later to find out that it was all part of a social experiment. To study the actual effects of taking wine, certain variables, especially participant variables, need to be taken into consideration. The consumption of wine alone cannot be a factor for good health in this study. For accurate results, variables such as the age, gender, nationality, economic status, eating habits and lifestyle, exercise, past medical history, occupation, sexual history, and even the personality type need to be evaluated, as each of these participant variables can have significant effect on the health of the individual and, hence, on the result of the study. Only if all of these variables are more or less constant for the entire study group can the effect of the consumption of wine can be studied accurately. iii) Non-experimental method would be used as we are simply interested in finding out the relationship between the two variables and the way they effect each other, and are not interested in changing any variable. v) The operational definition for the size would be the number of people, and for the length it would be time. Therefore, size would be measured as the number of people in the meeting, and length as the number of minutes for which the meeting took place iii) Experimental method would be used as we are interested in manipulating one

Organizational Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Organizational Behavior - Essay Example In order to answer the objectives previously mentioned, the study reviewed job satisfaction-related literature in defining what job satisfaction is, its intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and other elements that can either increase or decrease it. The study used published peer-reviewed articles in scholarly journals from year 2000 and onwards. All articles included in the study are empirical and have used questionnaires as methodological approach. Job satisfaction has been the topic of various researches for the past few decades, focusing on the factors that affect job satisfaction, how it can be achieved, and how it can be enhanced (Hoppock, 1935). It has also been said that job satisfaction can determine the quality of performance and productivity of an individual (Patterson, et al 2004). By definition, job satisfaction can be feelings, attitudes and emotions that employees feel towards work-related aspects (Lock, 1976). These can be their relationships with their co-workers, wages, workload, and working environment (Jackson and Corr, 2002). This implies that if an individual employee is satisfied with his/her working environment of the amount of salary and compensation that he/she receives, his level of job satisfaction will correspondingly increase. However, if an individual suffers from over workload or stressful environment, it can contribute to his/her dissatisfaction. It also implies that job dissatisfaction can lead to poor level of performance and absenteeism of an employee. Job satisfaction also consists of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors are an individual evaluation of the quality of work performed; how the work was handled professionally; individual development of skills and expansion of horizon; and intellectual growth and maturity. Extrinsic factors, on the other hand, include the kind of work environment; salary provided and bonuses; rewards and promotions in return for excellent performance;

Johnthan Edward 1703-1758 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Johnthan Edward 1703-1758 - Essay Example Such beliefs lead us all toward a common good and teach us a better way of life. Religion is also quite complex and difficult, at times, to understand. Theologians attempt to make sense of this difficult subject in an effort to bring people closer to an understanding of the divine nature of the world. While many such famous theologians come from Europe, Jonathan Edwards was born and raised right here in America and is still consider to be one the greatest and most intellectual theologians that ever lived. Jonathan Edwards lived a relatively short life of only 55 years. During his life, however, he contributed many things to American culture, and to the spiritual lives of people around the world. He was quite a smart child, entering Yale College when he was only 13 years old. At that time, Yale was still a seminary instructing students with a Biblical background. During his college years, he quickly began his career as a spiritual and theological writer and graduated as the Valedictor ian in his class. By the time he graduated, he seemed to have already formulated a philosophy of life that he would use as the foundation of his future writings that are still well read today. What follows is a brief, yet thorough, description of the theological and intellectual influence of John Edwards on America. The Writings of Jonathan Edward Jonathan Edwards spend much of his time leading various churches in the Connecticut and New York area. In early adulthood, he learned a lot from his grandfather, who was seen as a spiritual man in the New England area. His grandfather, then, had a huge influence on the philosophy that Edwards would begin to adopt through his studies at Yale and beyond. Not only did people in New England really like Edwards as a person, his great influence probably came from his writings. He wrote volumes of books in intellectual and theological topics during his all to short life. As Phillip Sinitiere wrote, â€Å"Edwards was known both from his large net work or correspondents and through his voluminous writing ministry† (744). He wrote about such concepts as the extent of sin, the importance of ethics and virtue, they dynamics of the human will, and the nature of mission work (Sinitiere 745). There are many scholars who contend that Jonathan Edwards is America’s greatest philosophical theologian. This would put him up there with such European philosophers as Martin Luther. More than being just a theologian, however, it should be pointed out the Edwards contributed a great deal to the intellect of those who read his works. His writings were both deep and profound. Many people still study his works because they are complex, yet so revealing about the world in which we live. It is amazing any time someone who lived 300 years ago is still mentioned today. Edwards is not only mentioned, but studied as if he is still around and living today. That speaks volumes of the respect he must have had while he lived, worked, and wrot e in the New England area. As people continue to study the various writings of Jonathan Edwards, they have discovered that he spoke a great deal about ethics. This conversation is still as relevant today as it was when he first wrote. Philip Quin wrote that Edwards ha â€Å"something to contribute to contemporary conversations and debates in ethics† (300). This shows us that people today are still discussing his view on ethics. Conversations about ethics are

LAND LAW (Writer MUST HOLD LAW DEGREE and have experiance in making Essay

LAND LAW (Writer MUST HOLD LAW DEGREE and have experiance in making land law assignments) - Essay Example On further investigation the bank manager confirms that over the years the bank have even maintained this area of the car park for example gritting it in the bad weather and installing security cameras on the wall so that the cars are well protected. The bank manager informed Tracey that the bank employees were always in the car park before the supermarket shoppers, so the shoppers have never used this part of the car park. Tracey has also been informed by the bank manager that as far as he is concerned the land belongs to the bank and Safebury Plc was in no position to sell it to Tracey. With reference to relevant legal authority advise Tracey whether it is possible that the bank could have acquired the land through adverse possession. The land in question is unregistered. The issue in respect of the first part of the question requires an analysis on the law of adverse possession and its operation in respect of unregistered land. It has been said that the law on adverse possession i s pecuniary as it allows a trespasser to obtain a better title to land than the lawful owner of the property. The principle upon which the better claim is acquired is that of limitation of actions, meaning that the person who brings a claim in respect of the property becomes statute batted against the adverse possessor for recovery of possession. Thus, due to relativity of tile the adverse possessor because of him being in actual possession has the best claim in respect of the land. Under s.75 of the LRA 1925 a registered proprietor of an estate holds it on trust for the successful adverse possessor pending registration of him as the new proprietor. This can be seen from the case of Central London Commercial Estates Ltd. v. Kato Kogaku Ltd.1 whereby leasehold was held on trust for the squatter with the benefits as well as burdens of the leas being kept intact. In respect of unregistered land the limitation period has been held to be 12 years from the time of the squatter coming into adverse possession of the land. (s. 15 of the Limitation Act 1980). Therefore the moment of adverse possession the limitation period starts. In respect of LRA 2002, if an adverse possessor has not applied for registration his interest would constitute to be an overriding interest in respect of a new proprietor if the adverse possessor is in actual occupation of the land when the new proprietor applies for registration. Therefore if the person goes out of possession even though he has completed his period, there would be no right against the new proprietor. Under the LRA 2002 there is no limitation of actions and there is a right of registration granted to an adverse possessor after 10 years of adverse possession (Schedule 6 of the LRA 2002). There are certain exceptional circumstances and apart from that the true registered proprietor is provided with a period of two year to recover possession, otherwise the squatter can reapply and be registered as the new owner. The establishment of adverse possession is an important aspect which will not be considered. The law on this is the same that is for unregistered and registered land. The attempt to codification of this was attempted at in the Court of Appeal’s decision in Buckinghamshire CC v. Moran2. Therefore, what is required is

Rhythm and Blues Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rhythm and Blues - Research Paper Example This essay declares that  the increasing fame of Rhythm and Blues among the African Americans resulted in the genre becoming popular as work songs, gospel songs, and church hymns, ballads, and lyrics as well as secular music. Combining the two styles of music into one genre instilled strong emotions among the singers and lead instruments thereby reflecting soulful and melodic blues with rhythmic force and concentration.According to the report findings the recent years have witnessed Rhythm and Blues music receiving widespread criticisms for various reasons. Although singers have been praised for being soulful and capturing emotions of the audiences, the genre has been associated with negative activities in the society like sex, selling drugs, and domestic violence. Most of the early artists who performed Rhythm and Blues were associated with drugs and sex. Even the terms used to identify the stars portrayed the aspects of sex and drugs. For instance, some of them were identified as hard-living and hard-drinking characters. As the fame of musicians increased, the number of followers increased. Male musicians had a big number of female followers, who spent time together and were willing to engage in sexual activities. The dance styles and style of dressing among musicians and other characters in the music videos has been described as lewd, due to its explicit contents.  The behavior of most artists has been considered as strange. In fact, there are other artists who have confessed being addicted to alcohol and other drugs like heroin and cocaine.

Advertising plan for Vodafone Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Advertising plan for Vodafone - Assignment Example In the current world, it’s not only about sending text messages and vocal communication; there is also the need to send photos, videos etc.  Vodafone  provides all these options. Because of all these facilities more customers are attracted to  Vodafone. Their Broadband services are also used by most of the customers. Apart from the products and services they offer, they have started a Vodafone Group Foundation. The fund of this foundation is collected from the Vodafone Group annually. The Foundation has been started in more than 25 countries and they are involved in many community involvement and social activities.   Vodafone was awarded the UK's first mobile license in the year 1982. They started the first international mobile roaming service in the year 1991.In 2002 they started providing the facility to access internet in mobile. Apart from all these, recently they started the Vodafone money transfer service through mobile. Through this the customers can send and re ceive money through safest and easiest way. Vodafone have around 45% stake on Verizon Wireless services. They acquired a company named Telsim from Turkey in the year 2006 with an investment of around 2.5 billion Euros. In 2007 they acquired a company Vodafone Essar and entered into the Indian Mobile Market with an investment of around 5 billion Euros. The Vodafone Group is listed in the Stock Exchanges of London and NASDAQ and the headquarters of Vodafone is in London. Vodafone is mainly based on Middle East, Europe, Africa, United States and Asia Pacific. They have expanded their network in other countries also. Partner Market Agreements were made between Vodafone and their partners. With their co-operation, they entered into the marketing of global products and services with different levels of brand. By this strategy  Vodafone  enters into different countries and expanded their network and made their partners and customers getting more values and services. Also for the Vodafo ne customers who are travelling to other countries, they no need to invest again in that country because of this facility and they can make use of their partner network. The main products of Vodafone are  Vodafone live,  Vodafone Connect to Friends, Vodafone Euro-traveller,  Vodafone Mobile Connect USB Modem,  Vodafone 710,  Vodafone Freedom Packs, Vodafone at Home and Vodafone Money Transfer. In 2009 Vodafone launched a new business unit for health named as mHealth.   In 2010, they launched another product named  Vodafone 150. It is labelled as the world's cheapest mobile phone. Some of the main markets of Vodafone are Germany, Spain, UK, Netherlands, Turkey, Portugal, Greece, Romania, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand etc. In these countries Vodafone have 100% ownership. In South Africa 94% of the stake is owned by Vodacom Group and from these 94%, 65% is owned by Vodafone Group. In Italy 76% of stake is owned by Vodafone. In India 65% of stake is owned by Vodafone. Voda fone also invested in a company named  Safari com  it is a market leader in Kenya and it has an ownership of 40%. They have around 25 million subscribers. They have an indirect investment of 4% in Bharti Airtel. Product & Service A wide range of services are offered by Vodafone. A few of them are 1) Voice 2) Messaging 3) Data and fixed line solutions and devices to assist customers in meeting their overall communication

LAND LAW (Writer MUST HOLD LAW DEGREE and have experiance in making Essay

LAND LAW (Writer MUST HOLD LAW DEGREE and have experiance in making land law assignments) - Essay Example On further investigation the bank manager confirms that over the years the bank have even maintained this area of the car park for example gritting it in the bad weather and installing security cameras on the wall so that the cars are well protected. The bank manager informed Tracey that the bank employees were always in the car park before the supermarket shoppers, so the shoppers have never used this part of the car park. Tracey has also been informed by the bank manager that as far as he is concerned the land belongs to the bank and Safebury Plc was in no position to sell it to Tracey. With reference to relevant legal authority advise Tracey whether it is possible that the bank could have acquired the land through adverse possession. The land in question is unregistered. The issue in respect of the first part of the question requires an analysis on the law of adverse possession and its operation in respect of unregistered land. It has been said that the law on adverse possession i s pecuniary as it allows a trespasser to obtain a better title to land than the lawful owner of the property. The principle upon which the better claim is acquired is that of limitation of actions, meaning that the person who brings a claim in respect of the property becomes statute batted against the adverse possessor for recovery of possession. Thus, due to relativity of tile the adverse possessor because of him being in actual possession has the best claim in respect of the land. Under s.75 of the LRA 1925 a registered proprietor of an estate holds it on trust for the successful adverse possessor pending registration of him as the new proprietor. This can be seen from the case of Central London Commercial Estates Ltd. v. Kato Kogaku Ltd.1 whereby leasehold was held on trust for the squatter with the benefits as well as burdens of the leas being kept intact. In respect of unregistered land the limitation period has been held to be 12 years from the time of the squatter coming into adverse possession of the land. (s. 15 of the Limitation Act 1980). Therefore the moment of adverse possession the limitation period starts. In respect of LRA 2002, if an adverse possessor has not applied for registration his interest would constitute to be an overriding interest in respect of a new proprietor if the adverse possessor is in actual occupation of the land when the new proprietor applies for registration. Therefore if the person goes out of possession even though he has completed his period, there would be no right against the new proprietor. Under the LRA 2002 there is no limitation of actions and there is a right of registration granted to an adverse possessor after 10 years of adverse possession (Schedule 6 of the LRA 2002). There are certain exceptional circumstances and apart from that the true registered proprietor is provided with a period of two year to recover possession, otherwise the squatter can reapply and be registered as the new owner. The establishment of adverse possession is an important aspect which will not be considered. The law on this is the same that is for unregistered and registered land. The attempt to codification of this was attempted at in the Court of Appeal’s decision in Buckinghamshire CC v. Moran2. Therefore, what is required is

Advertising plan for Vodafone Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Advertising plan for Vodafone - Assignment Example In the current world, it’s not only about sending text messages and vocal communication; there is also the need to send photos, videos etc.  Vodafone  provides all these options. Because of all these facilities more customers are attracted to  Vodafone. Their Broadband services are also used by most of the customers. Apart from the products and services they offer, they have started a Vodafone Group Foundation. The fund of this foundation is collected from the Vodafone Group annually. The Foundation has been started in more than 25 countries and they are involved in many community involvement and social activities.   Vodafone was awarded the UK's first mobile license in the year 1982. They started the first international mobile roaming service in the year 1991.In 2002 they started providing the facility to access internet in mobile. Apart from all these, recently they started the Vodafone money transfer service through mobile. Through this the customers can send and re ceive money through safest and easiest way. Vodafone have around 45% stake on Verizon Wireless services. They acquired a company named Telsim from Turkey in the year 2006 with an investment of around 2.5 billion Euros. In 2007 they acquired a company Vodafone Essar and entered into the Indian Mobile Market with an investment of around 5 billion Euros. The Vodafone Group is listed in the Stock Exchanges of London and NASDAQ and the headquarters of Vodafone is in London. Vodafone is mainly based on Middle East, Europe, Africa, United States and Asia Pacific. They have expanded their network in other countries also. Partner Market Agreements were made between Vodafone and their partners. With their co-operation, they entered into the marketing of global products and services with different levels of brand. By this strategy  Vodafone  enters into different countries and expanded their network and made their partners and customers getting more values and services. Also for the Vodafo ne customers who are travelling to other countries, they no need to invest again in that country because of this facility and they can make use of their partner network. The main products of Vodafone are  Vodafone live,  Vodafone Connect to Friends, Vodafone Euro-traveller,  Vodafone Mobile Connect USB Modem,  Vodafone 710,  Vodafone Freedom Packs, Vodafone at Home and Vodafone Money Transfer. In 2009 Vodafone launched a new business unit for health named as mHealth.   In 2010, they launched another product named  Vodafone 150. It is labelled as the world's cheapest mobile phone. Some of the main markets of Vodafone are Germany, Spain, UK, Netherlands, Turkey, Portugal, Greece, Romania, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand etc. In these countries Vodafone have 100% ownership. In South Africa 94% of the stake is owned by Vodacom Group and from these 94%, 65% is owned by Vodafone Group. In Italy 76% of stake is owned by Vodafone. In India 65% of stake is owned by Vodafone. Voda fone also invested in a company named  Safari com  it is a market leader in Kenya and it has an ownership of 40%. They have around 25 million subscribers. They have an indirect investment of 4% in Bharti Airtel. Product & Service A wide range of services are offered by Vodafone. A few of them are 1) Voice 2) Messaging 3) Data and fixed line solutions and devices to assist customers in meeting their overall communication

Exploring the Mind of Internet Addicts Essay Example for Free

Exploring the Mind of Internet Addicts Essay Addiction is a commonly used word that is mostly associated with a substance(drug or alcohol) and sometimes thought of as an illness. We often hear the word addiction thrown around in conversations. I’ve often used the word addiction when referring to my love of chocolate, but in this case it’s just an expression of speech. For a long time now, though, a lot of controversy has been going on about adding other activities, other than substance use to the word addiction. In this case excessive use of the Internet, Internet Addiction(IA). Many people are wanting to take addiction to a whole new level, by adding Internet Addiction to the DSM-V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; in other words the â€Å"psychiatric bible†) but is our need, love, desire, and excessive use of the internet just a compulsion or an addiction? Addiction is when a person is dependent on a behavior or specific substance in order to cope with life. The dependence is so important to the individual that even when it becomes harmful to themselves, their family, work, and other important areas of their life they will persist in using the substance, or engaging in the behavior. Also, â€Å"There are actual changes that occur in the brains of addicts and treatments for addiction must address the biology behind the behavior.† So far addictions have focused on highs that are caused from the use of drugs or other substances that affect the brain’s chemical responses. However it has recently been discovered that a person can receive a similar â€Å"high† from using the Internet. The research for this disorder is scarce and fairly new, but the results leave something to argue about for the supporting side. Overly excessive use of the Internet affects everyone involved with the â€Å"user.† There have been con fessions from individuals who claim to suffer from IAD (Internet Addiction Disorder). A case was, reported in the New York Times, A woman who had been divorced by her husband because of her excessive use of the Internet. Still the woman did not come to her senses and continued to use the internet so much that she forgot to buy food for her children, to take them to doctor appointments, and to buy enough oil to warm her home.(Maria Garcia Duran) Sounds like an addiction, but this still doesn’t fit the whole criteria. Remember you have to experience a chemical effect in the brain when your considering an obsessive need for something to be a diagnose as an addiction. There may be some alternative chemical change in her brain, such as the internet use is causing her to be happy, which means endorphins are being released to the brain. But this article isnt clear on whether the internet use really makes her happy, or helps her hide from reality which may still leave her with the same mood set, but just in hiding. Most people who think they are addicted may just be suffering from the desire to not want to deal with other problems going on in their lives. Those problems may in fact be a mental disorder like anxiety or depression. It may be a a relationship problem, serious disability or health problem. The internet use is no different than TV use, so you won’t have to â€Å"go out with the boys† for drinks or talking to your spouse. Others who spend to much time online with out any other problems present may just be suffering from compulsive over-use.

Future Of The Banking Sector

Future Of The Banking Sector Online banking has been shaping and shaking the financial sector world wide. But sustainability depend on proper understanding of consumer, there demand and the way they use it. The main objective of this report is to focus on technology (especially IT) use in banking sectors. It also focuses on Limited Purpose Bank and Credit Card system. Thus objectives of the study are to: Changes of future banking sector and impact of information systems. Limited purpose bank and use of technology in facilitating special purpose. Consumer banking and various consumer facilities provided by bank using information systems. Understand and suggest the online bank on the basis findings. Credit card banks, sub-prime lenders, and Internet primary banks [Mahboob, 2001] FUTURE OF BANKING SECTOR Consolidation of the banking industry: What are the prospects for, and implications of, further consolidation of the banking industry, particularly relating to safety and soundness, market concentration, and small business credit? Combinations of commerce and banking: In future the questions may arise concerning the pros and cons of allowing common ownership and the options for regulating combinations. Supervisory issues: The implications for bank supervision for the growing complexity of large banking organizations may be other questions. Governance issues: There are many corporate scandals that have led to efforts to hold our corporate management and directors to a higher level of standard [Willium, 1996] LIMITED PURPOSE BANK Limited-purpose banks are institutions that specialize in relatively narrow business lines. Making a certain type of loan, serving as a subset of consumers and offering different innovative products some limited-purpose banks create their market. They focus niche marketing concerning limited set of activities these banking institutions can develop expertise in particular business lines and can become efficient producers. Specialization may have been promoted by technological innovations. Credit card banks offer their customers both convenience and liquidity by providing a financial product that can be used as a means of payment and a source of instant credit. Some banks provide banking services through internet are known as primary banks [American Banker,1996] CREDIT CARD BANK The credit card banks provide their customers with both convenience and liquidity by offering a product that can be used as a payment device and as an open-end revolving credit. There is no fixed duration to allow credit card loans that complicates the measurement of interest- rate risk. It creates the problems of adverse selection because of mass marketing of credit cards, small average balances on individual accounts. High interest rates results in high profitability of credit card loans, fee income, securitization, successful use of technology, and scale economies in operations. We can expect that the prosperity of credit card banks will continue [Ashust, 1996]. There are some benefits and Costs for Participants having a Credit Card. Types of Participants Functions Advantages Costs Card holder Purchasing of goods and services. Carrying money without carrying cash Convenient purchases Having ability to payment timely to match cash flows Easy access to credit Bonus using Easy access to float Others features Having more interest rates and fees Some difficulties to manage credit Merchants Sales of goods and services. Almost no risks of carrying credit card and selling to consumers. Getting the guaranty of payment Advantages of access to large number of consumer base. Interchange fees on sales have to pay to card holders Problem of Losing private credit information such as marketing information, customer loyalty, interest income and so on Issuing Bank Extending credit to the card holders Collection of payments from card holders Distribution of cards Authorization of transactions Receivables collection It is easy to collect fees from the card holders Interest rate spreads can be collect easily Gaining the ability to cross sell to their consumers Ability of being able to share interchange fees There are some fraud risk concerning credit card Managing costs of credit card Card Association Establishment of rules standards and standard protocols for governing participation in their network Promotion of the brand of Bank Formation of interchange fee structure Collection of assessment fees Collection of transaction fees Costs of expanding market Costs of maintaining network Cost of taking different fraud reducing programs TECHNOLOGICAL USE IN BANKING SECTOR Improvements in the technological field have played significant role in the growth of financial services industry as well as in the growth of limited-purpose banks. There are some people who think that specialization in financial institution comes from improvements in technology. Banking sector is going to get fully technology based. Most valuable reasons are the huge task conducted by business firms. Banks are giving consumer service and getting more consumers oriented such as ATM service, Internet Banking, SME Loan, Priority Banking and so on. Banks are now competitive because of combination of banks and commerce. So they have to provide quick service such as check funding, quick withdrawal, fund transfer, LC opening etc.For various purposes data-mining techniques are used in the financial industry. Credit scoring is the most mentionable example of the use. To produce a score to summarize a credit risk banks use statistical techniques and historical data as a credit scoring process. Credit scoring is a common form of speeding up credit decision to attract customers, and institutions use another efficient technique to identify their potential customers that is data-mining. In todays financial services industry electronic payment systems are important innovations having methods of transferring funds electronically. Because of having less physical branches these banks rely on Automated Teller Machines to give opportunity to their customers to access their cash. It also provides advantage of accessing on the automated clearing house to transfer fund. Credit card banks can process the payments within short time and having no physical existence of branches because of the development of technology. This dramatically reduces the cost of credit card banks. This development benefitted the credit card card banks as well as customers. Credit card banks take the traditional notion of banking as challenge and they provide unique product mixes to draw considerable attention of the new customers. They also have unique business model to get competitive advantage [Basel, June, 1996]. BANKING TECHNOLOGY Banking Kiosk A unique feature of the Versa Banker is its cheque deposit capability. It issues a receipt to deposit a cheque with a scanned image of the cheque. If a cheque is endorsed at the back detail transaction report is generated for the department of MIS of the bank. Personal Enquiries: The Versa banker allows you to check your account balance, print a mini statement and make cheque book requests. Internet Banking: Connect to the internet and carry out transactions through e-banking, with the help of Versa Banker. It is asked by the bank to view details of ones account and after that to make transactions online. ATM TMs were originally developed as just cash dispensers; they have evolved to include many other bank-related functions. ATMs include many functions which are not directly related to the management of ones own bank account, such as: Updating  passbooks Paying routine bills, fees, and taxes (utilities, phone bills, social security, legal fees, taxes, etc.) Deposit currency recognition, acceptance, and recycling. Loading monetary value into  stored value cards Printing  bank statements Purchasing Concert tickets Postage stamps Shopping mall  gift certificates Lottery  tickets Train tickets Movie tickets Donating to charities Adding pre-paid  cell phone  credit. Cheque Processing Module Games and promotional features ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER Electronic funds transfer  or  EFT  refers to the  computer-based systems used to perform  financial transactions  electronically. There is a number of different concepts that use this term: A cardholder makes use of payment card Direct deposit  payroll payments for a business to its employees, possibly via a  payroll services company Direct debit  payments from customer to business, where the transaction is initiated by the business with customer permission Electronic bill payment  in  online banking, which may be delivered by EFT or paper check Wire transfer  via an international banking network (generally carries a higher fee) Electronic Benefit Transfer MICR Check The MICR stands for Magnetic Ink Character Recognition. This technology is unique and uses magnetically chargeable ink and/or toner to print the special characters or numbers on the bottom of the checks. E-13B:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   CMC-7:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   United States of America France Canada Spain Australia United Kingdom Other Mediterranean Countries Japan South America (except Colombia) India After printing, the documents are then processed mechanically and electronically through a reader-sorter machine. BANKS in BANGLADESH USING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY The two main technology based bank in Bangladesh are- Dutch Bangla Bank Ltd (DBBL) Eastern Bank Ltd (EBL) TECHNOLOGY USED BY DBBL Dutch-Bangla Bank offers a complete electronic banking facility for your company around the clock. Most multi-nationals use this service because it is advanced, secure and affordable. DBBL creates a custom banking service to suit any business of any size. The services have a wide range that includes cash flow services, distribution banking and salary accounts. If a company knows what type of custom and tailored banking service they need, DBBL can provide it instantly and at minimal cost (usually free of charge). For example for your starting point, DBBL has created Employee Banking program which allows: Providing employees with timely salary payments Transactions are properly logged for your easy reference Seamless and error free distribution of salaries Highly secure way of distributing money Lower manpower needed Reduces cash theft and misappropriation No cash at hand in the office, all cash finally distributed through the largest ATM network in Bangladesh DEBIT / CREDIT CARDS Dutch-Bangla Bank family, always believe that, as in everything else, you deserve the best in banking too. We are here to assist you 365 days round the clock through our Customer Care Center.Normal cards use a magnetic strip at the back of the card. The information and security on that magnetic strip is stationary and does not change. Hence it can be easily duplicated. But NexusEMVs processor uses its processor to fully digitally lock all the information. It prevents the information from being copied as the processor generates security codes rather than store it. It is a form of encryption. INTERNET BANKING DBBL allows you to do seamless internet banking. This allows you to review your account, statements, paying bills as well as making some transactions. Because of local banking regulations, DBBL is not allowed to provide some types of transactions even though it is fully capable. Additional Internet Banking Features for Corporate Banking: Letter of Credit Bank Guarantee Limits Query SMS/MOBILE BANKING DBBL pioneered Mobile Banking in Bangladesh. It was the first bank to offer banking facilties through a wide range of mobile phones. SMS (Short Messaging System) is an extremely unsecure method to do mobile banking. The mobile phone networks are unsecure and there is nothing DBBL can do but to take precautionary steps. To make the most of this unsecure scenario, DBBL issues you a mobile PIN number which is different from the DBBL pin number for your mobile transactions. Not under any circumstances is the DBBL PIN number to be used in mobile banking. A different PIN number and a mobile transaction limit imposed by DBBL provide some security (but not all) over the unsecure phone network. Clients should be aware and cautious that although DBBL does its best, it cannot guarantee full security over a phone network it has no control over. EBL INTERNET BANKING EBL Internet banking application more efficient than others bank and EBL addresses the needs of individual as well as corporate account holders of EBL. List of Transactions: Transfers and Payments modes of EBL: There are different modes of transferring funds and customer can choose the modes he likes to transfer funds from selecting different modes. The user also has the right to choose the source and destination accounts because it depends upon his rights. Utility Bill Payment System of EBL: The customer can transfer funds from his accounts for making Utility Bill Payments to utility companies. The mode payment is as set up by the Bank. Deposits: Maintaining Deposits The user can view all the deposits maintained by the corporate. The customers are able to encash a deposit before its maturity. Session Summary of EBL banking: The customer now able to view the transactions profiles performed in a session. SECURITY MECHANISMS Encryption Encryption is the usual way to meet the data confidentiality requirements and although using a symmetric algorithm (symmetric or asymmetric) could be used, there are good reasons for using symmetric [Financial times, November 8, 1996]. Message Authentication A Message Authentication Code (MAC) is a cryptographic checksum, calculated using a symmetric algorithm, which is appended to a message and which can be verified by the recipient of the message. The use of MAC is one method of providing the integrity and authentication services, but it is not appropriate for meeting the requirements for no repudiation. Digital Signature A digital signature is a checksum, calculated using the private key of an asymmetric key pair, which is appended to a message and which can be verified by anyone with access to the corresponding public key. The digital signature is dependent on the complete message, so any change to the message will be detected. The real difference between MAC and digital signature is that as well as providing integrity and authentication, the later also provide non-repudiation. Algorithms and Cryptographic Mechanisms The constraint linked with each cryptographic algorithm (computation resources, time to compute, key management, algorithm capability and design†¦) limits their use for only a given number of security services. The following table lists the main security services and states whether RSA or DES (Data Encryption Standard) can address them [Denny, 1998] CONCLUSION The present status of e-banking is not satisfactory in case of virtual banking, call center and SMS banking. But all banks under study have their connectivity with SWIFT channel. Major reason is that security concern. One study in Europe reported that there is 2.6% increase in establishment of Bank branches. That means that E-Banking is declining in Europe. The main concern is security. So, data confidentiality, integrity, proof of origin, peer entity authentication, non-repudiation must be ensured. A few problems have been experienced by the IT heads in the Banks such as withdrawal of money beyond the limit. This has taken place at ATM booths because there is agreement between Banks regarding networking. [Barbara, 1997]

Essay --

These lyrics are from an 80’s rock band by the name of Toto. These words might have accurately described the feelings of those people living at the time of the birth of Jesus –people who were wondering and hoping for a change, people who were hoping to receive a gift greater than what they could give of themselves. It was only about three weeks when we celebrated the birth of Jesus in this world on the 25th of December. Along with worship, we opportunities to exchange a bunch of gifts, eating a great deal of good food, sharing conversation, potentially loading up the car and traveling from one house to another, only to reach those last days of December and beginning days of January with our tongues hanging out and sprawled out on the couch from exhaustion, and for some of us, eating too much food and/or chocolate. There may be times when we might wonder why all this needs to be done, and we begin to consider that we are really living out the Spirit of Christmas giving and sharing gifts and time with others in a very hurried way. This could be the only time we get to visit with other family, if the family is spread out over a great distance. †¦ This is the time of year when we have the opportunities to share material gifts, as well as the gift of love and care. Do we ever stop, however, to wonder about the gift of hope? Where did we leave it in the midst of our packing and preparing in those stress-filled hours before the Christmas celebration? How did we manage to overlook that precious gift of hope as we struggled through the parking lots and mobs of other shoppers at the mall? Do we feel it within ourselves as we attempt to find something to say on the 100th Christmas card, or mail the umpteenth email or facebook mess... ...before us? Our faith may waver from time to time, but we always fall back on hope – even for the most pessimistic of us – hope is what brought the Magi to the stable in Bethlehem and it also brings us to the stable, kneeling before the Christ child in our hearts and minds. Are we still willing to humble ourselves this Christmas season before this child that brought nations in conflict to their knees? Are we still willing to experience hope and not be confused and deceived by the materialism that seems to control the holiday? Just as our 80’s rock song suggests, we need to believe in the things that we need to survive. During this Christmas season, let us take the time to reflect on gives us hope each and everyday – it is truly the gift that keeps giving and giving to us – regardless of where we are on our faith journeys and our proximity to our epiphanies.